The Real World of Technology

tags

Ursula Franklin Crit Tech

Audio at https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-1989-cbc-massey-lectures-the-real-world-of-technology-1.2946845

Notes

The Real World of Technology Part I

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It is my conviction that nothing short of a global reformation of major social forces and of the social contract can end this historical period of profound and violent transformations, and give a manner of security to the world and to its citizens. Such a development will require the redefinition of rights and responsibilities, and the setting of limits to power and control. There have to be completely different criteria for what is permissible and what is not. Central to any new order that can shape and direct technology and human destiny will be a renewed emphasis on the concept of justice. The viability of technology, like democracy, depends in the end on the practice of justice and on the enforcement of limits to power.

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one might think of technology as ways of doing something

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technology as practice, indeed as formalized practice

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links technology directly to culture

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“They” had magnifying glasses that they put to their eyes and then lifted the object into proper viewing distance. I had a magnifying glass that I put on the object, and I manoeuvred my head into a good viewing position.

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When certain technologies and tools are predominantly used by men, then maleness becomes part of the definition of those technologies

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The common practice that a particular technology represents, in addition to leading to an identification with culture and gender, can also lead to the “right” of the practitioners to an exclusive practice of the technology. This is how the professions were born; clergy, doctors, lawyers, engineers, and social workers all claimed the exclusive right to certain tools and to certain technologies.

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Work-related technologies make the actual practice easier.

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control-related technologies, those developments that do not primarily address the process of work with the aim of making it easier, but try to increase control over the operation.

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new control-related applications have increased much faster than work-related ones.

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we are not asking what is being done, but how it is being done.

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Holistic technologies are normally associated with the notion of craft.

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leaves the individual worker in control of a particular process

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The opposite is specialization by process; this I call prescriptive technology.

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This is what is normally meant by “division of labour”

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The designer and model builder have constructed the model in a manner that allows the formation and the cutting away of the mold. This involves design expertise as well as a full knowledge of all subsequent steps in the process

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extraordinary social meaning of prescriptive technologies

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When work is organized as a sequence of separately executable steps, the control over the work moves to the organizer, the boss or manager.

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prescriptive technologies are designs for compliance.

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I’ve argued that the historically very early acculturation of Chinese people into prescriptive work processes must be regarded as a formative factor in the emergence of Chinese social and political thought and behaviour.

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prescriptive technologies eliminate the occasions for decision-making and judgement in general and especially for the making of principled decisions. Any goal of the technology is incorporated a priori in the design and is not negotiable.

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The notion of scale

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birth control for cars and trucks is not an urgent agenda item in any public discussion.

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serious discussion on the political level about, for instance, the need for a one-car-per-family policy

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inherent trust in machines and devices (“production is under control“) and a basic apprehension of people (“growth is chancy, one can never be sure of the outcome“)

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The new production-based models and metaphors are already so deeply rooted in our social and emotional fabric that it becomes almost sacrilege to question them. Thus one may question the value of people (to go back to the issues of human demography I just mentioned), but not the fundamental value of technologies and their products.

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The Real World of Technology Part II

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that nitty-gritty stuff, the direct action and immediate experience, the sort of thing I like to call vernacular reality. 1 It’s bread and butter, soup, work, clothing and shelter, the reality of everyday life.

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extended reality that body of knowledge and emotions we acquire that is based on the experience of others.

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constructed or reconstructed reality. Its manifestations range from what comes to us through works of fiction to the daily barrage of advertising and propaganda. It encompasses descriptions and interpretations of those situations that are considered archetypal rather than representative.

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projected reality — the vernacular reality of the future

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The scientific method as we understand it in the West is a way of separating knowledge from experience.

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marked decrease in the reliance of people on their own experience and their own senses.

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downgrading and the discounting of personal experience by ordinary people who are perfectly well equipped to interpret what their senses tell them.

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powerful illusion of presence in places and on occasions where the spectators, in fact, are not and have never been.

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The selection is usually intended to attract and to retain the attention of an audience. Consequently, the unusual has preference over the usual. The far away that cannot be assessed through experience has preference over the near that can be experienced directly. There is a sense of occasion that is conducive to making what is seen to appear seem as if it was all that happened.

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these media images have so permeated every facet of life that they are no longer perceived as external intrusions or as pseudorealities except by media professionals, and only professionals and academics discuss these images.

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Media images seem to have a position of authority that is comparable to the authority that religious teaching used to have.

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Opting out by individuals really doesn’t change the agenda of what is urgent and what is not

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democracy means so much to them; they struggle for it; they win; we cheer.” At the same time very significant events in our own country — such as the cuts to Via Rail — are not discussed in Parliament, not voted upon after a democratic debate, but decided in seclusion by Cabinet.

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The images create a pseudocommunity, the community of those who have seen and heard what they perceive to be the same event

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In general, technical arrangements reduce or eliminate reciprocity. Reciprocity is some manner of interactive give and take, a genuine communication among interacting parties.

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a personal response of the kind that the man in the cartoon was obviously eager to give can neither be given nor received when communication is mediated by technology. Any reciprocity is ruled out by design.

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Students just do not like to be taught by a television screen.

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in situations where reciprocity is neither permissible nor desired — such as when observing an actual inquiry — images are acceptable substitutes for reality.

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Where there is no reciprocity, there is no need for listening. There is then no need to understand or accommodate. For kids this can mean that one doesn’t have to be moderately civil to one’s younger sister because she is the only one to play with; television allows entertainment without the cooperation of anybody.

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even in the universe of constructed images and pseudorealities there still exists a particular enclave of personal directness and immediacy: the world of the ham-radio operator. It is personal, reciprocal, direct, affordable

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The Real World of Technology Part III

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technology as a catalyst for the spread of control and management.

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Technology has been the catalyst for dramatic changes, in the locus of power

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The common problem of road safety has been transformed into the private problem of fines and demerit points and into a technological cat-and-mouse game.

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technological tools designed to establish random criminality have prevented the development of techniques to establish collectively safe driving

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ask what these techniques may prevent and not only to check what the techniques promise to do

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Anyone who has ever woven or knitted knows that one can change patterns, but only at particular points and only in a particular way so as not to destroy the fabric itself.

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we are at the end of a historical period in which processes and approaches that initially had been exceedingly constructive and helpful have run their course and are now in many ways counterproductive

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The owners of factories dreamt of a totally controlled work environment, preferably without any workers.

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more a case of planning against undesirable or unpredictable interventions than it was of planning for greater and more predictable output and profit.

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It was not resistance to technology per se so much as an opposition to the division of labour and loss of autonomy that motivated the workers” resistance

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no indication that they realized that while production could be carried out with few workers and still run to high outputs, buyers would be needed for these outputs

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technology and its promoters have had to create a social institution — the consumer

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In order to operate successfully, the industrial production technologies require permanent transportation and distribution structures. In all countries the public sphere has supplied these infrastructures and has adjusted itself accordingly. Arranging to provide such infrastructures has become a normal and legitimate function of all governments.

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Standard electrical outlets in North America yield currents of 60 cycles at 110 volts, while Europe and much of Asia work on 50 cycles at 220 volts. Technical parameters like this often constitute basic non-tariff measures designed to protect or expand technologies of a particular origin.

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Rarely are there public discussions about the merits or problems of adopting a particular technology

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it is public planning that is at issue here

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Public planning for the needs of private industry and for the expansion of technology has gone well beyond the provision of physical infrastructures. There are tax and grant structures, and there is the impact of the needs of technology on the preparation and training of the labour force.

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if you work hard to fight pollution and you and your friends succeed in changing the practices of the battery-recycling plant down the street, those who helped you get the benefits, but those who didn’t get them too. What you and your friends have obtained are indivisible benefits.

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The public infrastructures that made the development and spread of technology possible have become more and more frequently roads to divisible benefits. Thus the public purse has provided the wherewithal from which the private sector derives the divisible benefits, while at the same time the realm from which the indivisible benefits are derived has deteriorated and often remains unprotected.

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a political statement of the form “We don’t want them blacks in our parks” would have been unacceptable in New York State. But a technological expression of the same prejudice appeared to be all right

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public and corporate planning overlap significantly. It is often difficult to see where one ends and the other begins

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political decisions are addressed as technical questions in terms and in places that are inaccessible to ordinary citizens.

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The Real World of Technology Part IV

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Many technological systems, when examined for context and overall design, are basically anti-people. People are seen as sources of problems while technology is seen as a source of solutions.

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no shortage of suggestions for these alternative structures of defence, based on civilian defence or what one calls “defensive defence,”

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generates the need for a credible long- term enemy.

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I am personally very much afraid that there will be a turning inward of the war machine.

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The Red under the bed has been replaced smoothly by the grass in the grass. It is the ease and speed of the transition that I find remarkable.

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There is no reason to believe that the support of any state for the preparation for war and violence is the only possible infrastructure to promote a national development of advanced technology.

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country now has little practical need for raw recruits to operate its modern technological destruction system.

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the old pacifist dream that there might be a war and nobody would come and consequently the war could not take place, is no longer valid.

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traditional planning as part of the strategy of maximizing gain, and coping as central to schemes for minimizing disaster

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planning to minimize disaster is quite feasible within Canada’s existing economic system and political infrastructures

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The common theme that runs through many disasterminimizing endeavours is the conviction that ordinary people matter

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most people live and work under conditions that are not structured for their well-being

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One would think that much could be learned from finding out why well laid plans and well considered predictions are often so totally out of whack.

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The Real World of Technology Part V

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division of labour characteristic of prescriptive technologies has resulted in the acculturation of people into a culture of conformity and compliance

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prescriptive technologies require compliance not only from workers, but also from those who use the technologies or are being processed by them

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Where prescriptive technologies are structured to perform social transactions, these transactions will be organized or reorganized according to the logic of technology, the logic of production.

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stress liberation from hard physical labour at work or drudgery at home. Wellsprings of creativity and freedom from toil seem to be just around the corner.

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owning a car is neither a joy nor a luxury but a necessity. The mechanical bride has turned into a demanding but essential business partner.

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thus a technology that had been perceived to liberate its users began to enslave them.

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In the case of the automobile, the railways are gone — the choice of taking the car or leaving it at home no longer exists.

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With the help of the new machines, sewing came to be done in a factory setting, in sweatshops that exploited the labour of women and particularly the labour of women immigrants. Sewing machines became, in fact, synonymous not with liberation but with exploitation.

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the ordinary things — a home-cooked meal, an individually made garment — become prized and special, while what had been prized and extraordinary — for instance, cloth or fruit from the Orient — appears now to be quite ordinary and routine.

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Discourse never seemed to focus on the effects of the use of the same device by a large number of people, nor was there any focus on the organizational and industrial implications

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it seems pointless to bring women into the real world of technology merely to work in the existing technological mode

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I don’t want to make silly little errors; I want to make big important errors.

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The Real World of Technology Part VI

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history is not a rerun for slow learners

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no reason why our technologies could not be more participatory and less expert-driven

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a good shoemaker not only needs to know about making shoes, but also has to think about feet

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the convincing and urgent case for not proceeding with global technological expansion along the then established patterns was made at least twenty years ago

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“What will it take to initiate genuine change?” I would like to suggest to you that the crisis of technology is actually a crisis of governance.

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What are the tasks for which we elect and pay governments? What do we expect them to do, rather than to say?

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we have lost the institution of government in terms of responsibility and accountability to the people. We now have nothing but a bunch of managers, who run the country to make it safe for technology.

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Social change will not come to us like an avalanche down the mountain. Social change will come through seeds growing in well prepared soil — and it is we, like the earthworms, who prepare the soil.

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just how technology makes it very difficult for people to talk to each other. People rarely work together on regular, non- technologically interrupted projects.

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European papers are small. Europeans still sell cars. There is nothing essential in the magnification of the obvious.

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if somebody robs a store, it’s a crime and the state is all set and ready to nab the criminal. But if somebody steals from the commons and from the future, it’s seen as entrepreneurial activity and the state cheers and gives them tax concessions rather than arresting them.

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a point in time came when the general sense of justice and fairness was affronted

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When, on the basis of principled objections, an established social practice has become less and less acceptable, then, and maybe only then, will alternatives be found.

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prior to phase-out, effective disposal of nuclear waste is an invitation to produce more nuclear waste.

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Surely those who oversee and guide municipal transportation systems ought to use public transit during their work days. Why not put a clause to that effect in their job description or contract?

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all those who profit from providing food in university cafeterias ought to be compelled by their leases and contracts to have their executives eat that food every day

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implicit attempt to keep people from challenging technology by making their direct experience appear marginal and irrelevant.

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so many resources can be set aside to inquire into things that went wrong. At the same time, few resources are put into the documentation and analysis of processes and institutions that work well

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The Real World of Technology Part VII

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the new electronic technologies left their deepest impacts on society’s perceptions of time and space and on the way we, as citizens, relate to each other.

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relationship of writing to orthodoxy and fundamentalism

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Oral traditions do not codify transmission and interpretation of laws and values in the way that textually based societies do.

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increase in literacy that truly increased the circle of both senders and receivers.

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social movements in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England that could not have come into being without printing

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While sender and receiver are separated in space, their communication is direct and unmediated by a messenger. Their conversation can be as private as to permit a sender to say “I love you” or “you still owe me ten bucks”

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increased speed and range of the transmission of signals

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recombine and create sound, whose origin can be no longer identified by the listener

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I have never liked the term cyberspace because it neither describes a space nor does its current use reflect the concepts of control and systems-design implied in the term cybernetics

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The Real World of Technology Part VIII

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I would like to understand better the human, social, and ecological impact of technology; i.e., the way things are done.

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Kant saw time and space not as external media within which people move, but as ordering devices of the human mind.

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synchronicity and its opposite, asynchronicity, are central to this aspect of temporality and technology

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The bell’s call to work or prayer keeps a community “in sync,” often imposing more and more detailed patterns of dominance on individuals and groups.

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asynchronicity indicates the decoupling of activities from their functional time or space patterns.

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prevalence of asynchronicity, indicated by the loosening, if not the abandonment, of previously compulsory time and space patterns.

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unravelling social and political patterns without apparent replacement with other patterns

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there goes the joy of intimate contact, and with it the heart of what verbal communication was thought to be: an exchange of messages between people in the present tense

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lack of work-related solidarity and selfidentification that can have profound social implications

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no seasonal rhythms, no presence of the land nor the ebb and flow of individual lives

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Sequence and consequence are intimately connected in the human mind; can one let go of sequence and maintain the notion of consequence, let alone accountability?

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An organism, on the other hand, is a functional and structural unity in which the parts exist for and by means of one another in the expression of a particular nature. This means that the parts of an organism — leaves, roots, flowers, limbs, eyes, heart, brain — are not made independently and then assembled, as in a machine, but arise as a result of interactions within the developing organism.

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IX

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after all one does not bump into a website when walking the dog

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struggles at the interface between the human sphere and the bitsphere

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laws intended to regulate the effects of the horizontal activities on the vertical patterns, have to be made by countries, i.e. by the very states whose capacity to regulate and structure the vertical patterns would be impeded by the creation of autonomous horizontal patterns

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predominance of investment capitalism over manufacturing or production capitalism

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The shift of profit making from direct production to investment has not changed the active support of commerce by the state, but it has drastically changed its support strategies. These changes have led to a remarkable shift in the relationship between the state and its citizens

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Asynchronicity is an essential feature of working along the horizontal cuts, while synchronicity and shared patterns provide much of the cohesion of the vertical.

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X

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You just can’t opt out of nature.

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stress the antistructuring aspects of the bitsphere, i.e. the asynchronistic and inherently fragmented practices.

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extension of the Industrial Revolution’s old dream of the workerless factory

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vast underestimation of the contributions to a task made by those working or learning together

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social time-space dislocations

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substitution of a device for an activity

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I was not familiar with ski lifts. It had been my experience that once one managed to get up a hillside, one had acquired enough skill to get down reasonably safely. The ski lift removes the “by the way” opportunity to learn how to climb, fall, and get up again

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While the pool of information available to the students may increase, the pool of available understanding may not

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it is truly impossible to conceive of life at the human level without work

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Today in Canada, the practice of democratic governance is in grave question and the advancement of social justice and equality appears stalled in a labyrinth of random transactions.

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CODA

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There has been a phenomenal lack of clarity and concern on the part of governments of Canada regarding the fate of people and communities caught between the bitsphere and the biosphere. An example of this lack is the absence of any serious public discussion on social mitigation

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The “by the way” contributions of our nested environments to social peace and understanding are probably much greater than presently acknowledged.

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